Depois de findado o texto de Corrida Sem Fim (1971), do Monte
Hellman, a vontade de visitar um Bresson ficou incontornável. Fui de encontro a
um dos seus filmes mais celebrados - existe algum pouco celebrado? -: Au Hazard
Balthazar (A Grande Testemunha, em português). Optei pelo título original a fim
de preservar a sonoridade da combinação das palavras, inexistente na versão
brasileira. Desta vez, ao menos, o título brasileiro foi fiel ao conteúdo do
filme, ou a uma das interpretações a ele atribuída. Minhas palavras
seriam irrelevantes diante do extenso estudo que Tony Pipolo publicou em Robert Bresson: A Passion for Film. O
trecho selecionado abaixo, extraído do livro, é curto em vista do exame
dilatado que ele se presta a fazer sobre cada um dos filmes do mestre francês. Uma
ótima publicação merecedora de uma versão traduzida – o original é em inglês.
Por Tony Pipolo
Beyond cultural,
literary, and religious associations, what kind of characte is Balthazar? Can
we relate to his experience? Does he have an interior life and understand what
happens to him – the basis of Greek and Elizabethan tragedy? Or does his
baptism, the sacrament that “leaves on the soul an indelible mark called a
character… a spiritual quality which gives to him who receives it a special
power to serve God”, prelude those features fictional characters usually have?
Before baptism, according to Catholic doctrine, every individual born into the
world is in the state of original sin, the only exceptions being the Virgin
Mary and Jesus Christ. As an animal, Balthazar is clearly another exception.
This is the point of his role and of the baptism scene, which, though presented
as a charming childhood ritual, is really an initiation into the world of
suffering by all humanity.
In fact, though,
Balthazar is no more of a problem than filmic incarnations of Jesus in
countless biblical epics, where the challenge is how to evoke the divine
through the corporeal (especially when the corporeal is in the form of a movie
star) and bypass any psychology. Can a film about Christ convincingly render an
inner life when, despite The Idiot´s six hundred pages, we
learn little about Prince Myshkin´s? By rooting Balthazar in blunt physically,
giving new meaning to the idea of word made flesh, Bresson avoids the problem
altogether as well as such clichés as images bathed in ethereal light and off
screen evocations of the divine presence. In short, there is a built-in
constraint faced by all writers and filmmakers who approach divine or
saint-like figures: the more one strives to humanize the character, the less
believably perfect the figure will be. As the narrator of Graham Greene´s End
of the Affair remarks, “Goodness has so
little fictional value”.
In narrative films a
character´s conflict and inner life are conveyed through the actor´s
performance, a route that Bresson´s aesthetic denies us. Balthazar takes that
aesthetic even further, for not only is the protagonist an animal, but we have
no way of knowing if it is the same animal throughout. The three films
immediately preceding Balthazar have prepared us for
this development, having shifted the focus from the actor´s repertory of
expressive looks and gestures to the entire cinematographic system of rapports, of which the actor´s face, body, and voice
are only three signs among many. From this perspective, Balthazar´s character
is formed both directly - through framing, editing, and mise-en-scène, - and
indirectly, through the association and feelings that come to rest on him as
the only constant object before us. In the absence of any central human
consciousness, the spectator uses Balthazar, somewhat analogously to the way
the film´s character do, as a repository of the emotions aroused in the course
of the story. It is the accumulation of displacements and projections rather
than sentimental anthropomorphism that creates the character Balthazar and induces
the catharsis of the final scene.